NURS 6521 Week 1 Discussion Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

NURS 6521 Week 1 Discussion Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

NURS 6521 Week 1 Discussion Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

As an advanced practice nurse aiding physicians with disorder diagnosis and treatment, it is critical to understand not just the impact of illnesses on the body, but also the impact of pharmacological treatments on the body. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics discuss the interactions between medications and the body. NURS 6521 Week 1 Discussion Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

When selecting drugs and determining dosages for patients, it is essential to consider individual patient factors that might impact the patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes. These patient factors include genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, behavior (i.e., diet, nutrition, smoking, alcohol, illicit drug abuse), and/or pathophysiological changes due to disease.

For this Discussion, you reflect on a case from your past clinical experiences and consider how a patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes may alter his or her response to a drug.

NURS 6521 Week 1 Discussion Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics To Prepare

• Review the Resources for this module and consider the principles of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
• Reflect on your experiences, observations, and/or clinical practices from the last 5 years and think about how pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors altered his or her anticipated response to a drug.
• Consider factors that might have influenced the patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes, such as genetics (including pharmacogenetics), gender, ethnicity, age, behavior, and/or possible pathophysiological changes due to disease.
• Think about a personalized plan of care based on these influencing factors and patient history in your case study.

By Day 3 of Week 1

Post a description of the patient case from your experiences, observations, and/or clinical practice from the last 5 years. Then, describe factors that might have influenced pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes of the patient you identified. Finally, explain details of the personalized plan of care that you would develop based on influencing factors and patient history in your case. Be specific and provide examples. NURS 6521 Week 1 Discussion Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

By Day 6 of Week 1

Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses and respond to at least two of your colleagues on two different days by suggesting additional patient factors that might have interfered with the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes of the patients they described. In addition, suggest how the personalized plan of care might change if the age of the patient were different and/or if the patient had a comorbid condition, such as renal failure, heart failure, or liver failure. NURS 6521 Week 1 Discussion Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

Note: For this Discussion, you are required to complete your initial post before you will be able to view and respond to your colleagues’ postings. Begin by clicking on the “Post to Discussion Question” link, and then select “Create Thread” to complete your initial post. Remember, once you click on Submit, you cannot delete or edit your own posts, and you cannot post anonymously. Please check your post carefully before clicking on Submit!

Submission and Grading Information NURS 6521 Week 1 Discussion Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

Grading Criteria

To access your rubric:

Week 1 Discussion Rubric

Post by Day 3 of Week 1 and Respond by Day 6 of Week 1

To Participate in this Discussion:

Week 1 Discussion Samples

Female, 66, with end-stage renal illness, diabetes, and breast cancer. The patient has lower extremity edema and is on 2L of oxygen as needed. The doctor prescribes the administration of two units of blood. Despite a long history of renal failure, the patient has never received hemodialysis.

Medication administration by intravenous in a patient with end-stage renal disease can be difficult.

Kidney dysfunction impacts how the body excretes urine, which is how medication is eliminated. According to studies, 57% of patients with end-stage renal illness had pharmacokinetic difficulties with medication (Nyman, 2015). Furthermore, renal disease impacts medicine absorption, excretion, and distribution in the body. NURS 6521 Week 1 Discussion Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

Patients with chronic kidney disease generally display changes in the gastrointestinal tract that impacts medication absorption. During the process of absorption, medication undergoes active transport across the intestinal barrier (Nolin, 2015). Those gastrointestinal changes alter drug absorption and decreases bioavailability. The elimination of medication is known as total systemic clearance which occurs through renal excretion (Nolin, 2015).

Distribution refers to the amount of medication being distributed throughout the body. Distribution is affected when physiological variables such as plasma protein or total body water are affected by chronic kidney disease (Selewski & Goldstein, 2018). Because these changes have occurred to the patient’s kidney function, the main concern would be fluid overload as the patient is unable to distribute the fluid properly. NURS 6521 Week 1 Discussion Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

The plan of care would contain interventions that focus on excess fluid volume. I would assess for shortness of breath or rales in the lungs. I would monitor for increase in edema, distended jugular vein and weight gain. The patient should be weighed daily. Elevate the head of the bed to improve airway as well as continue with 2L oxygen. Infuse blood slowly and monitor vitals closely to decrease chance of fluid overload.

NURS 6521 Week 1 Discussion Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics References

1. Nolin, T. D. (2015). A Synopsis of Clinical Pharmacokinetic Alterations in Advanced CKD. Seminars in Dialysis, 28(4), 325–329.
2. Nyman, H. A. (2015). Renal Dosing in High-Risk Populations. Journal of Infusion Nursing, 38(3), 210–215.
3. T Selewski, D., & L Goldstein, S. (2018). The role of fluid overload in the prediction of outcome in acute kidney injury. Pediatric Nephrology, 33(1), 13.